History of Siena - (from The Rough Guide, Tuscany & Umbria, 1998)
Though myth attributes its origin to Senius and Acius, sons of Remus (hence the she-wolf emblem of the city), Siena was in fact founded by the Etruscans and refounded as a Roman colony -Saena Julia - by Augustus. Over the course of the next millennium it grew to be n independent republic, and in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries was one of the major cities of Europe. It was virtually the size of Paris, controlled most of southern Tuscany and its flourishing wool industry, dominated the trade routes from France to  Rome, and maintained Italy's richest banks. The city also developed a highly sophisticated civic life, with its own written constitution and a quasi-democratic council - the commune-responsible for as wide a range of duties as any modern city. It was in this great period that the city was shaped - and in which most of its art and monuments are rooted.

This golden era, when the Republic of Siena controlled a great area of central and southern Tuscany, reached an apotheosis with the defeat of a much superior Florentine army at the Battle of Montaperti in 1260. Although the result was reversed nine years later, shifting the fulcrum of political power towards Florence, Siena's merchants and middle classes embarked upon unrivalled urban development. From 1287 to 1355 the city underwrote first the completion of the duomo and then the Campo, with its exuberant Palazzo Pubblico. Sienese bankers spread their operations throughout Europe and the city was at the forefront of Italian art.

The prosperity and innovation came to an abrupt halt with the Black Death, which reached Siena in May 1348. By October, when the disease had run its course, the population had dropped from 100,000 to 30,000. The city was never fully to recover. The population today is around 60,000.

The city today - Siena's swift decline from republican capital to little more than a market centre explains the city's astonishing state of medieval preservation. Little was built and still less demolished, while allotments an vineyards occupied the spaces between the ancient quarters, as they do today. Its near pristine state is also a result of escaping war damage in 1944 and 1945.

Since the last war, however, Siena has again become prosperous, partly due to tourism, partly to the resurgence of the Monte dei Paschi di Siena. This bank is one of the major players in Italian finance.

Aerial view of Siena

The Campo is the centre of Siena. The Council of  Nine starting buying up land in 1293 in the old market place. To build on it, it was necessary to construct an enormous buttress beneath the lower half of the square, where the Palazzo Pubblico was to be raised. The piazza itself was completed in 1349. The stage-like Campo was from the start a focus of city life. As well as its role as market place for livestock and produce it was the scene of executions, bullfights, communal boxing matches and of course, the Palio.

The Palio has been held since at least the thirteenth century in honour of the Virgin and it remains a living tradition. Originally the Palio followed a circuit through the town, but since the sixteenth century it has consisted of three laps of the Campo. There is only room for ten riders in which participants draw lots both for the horses and jockeys and starting positions as well. The race becomes a vehicle for schemes, plots and general mayhem. Follow the link for more details.

I'm not too sure what these were for but you can see how the concrete behind the bottom ring has been worn away.

Sherman, who would rather be inside studying the church, had to deal with this tourist.
 

Few buildings reveal so much of a city's history and aspirations as Siena's Duomo. Complete to virtually its present size around 1215, it was subjected to constant plans for expansion. An attempt to double its size ground to a halt as the walls gaped under the pressure. It's style is an amazing conglomeration of Romanesque and Gothic, delineated by bands of black and white marble.

The facade's use of black and white decoration is echoed by the suomo's great marbel pavement, which begins with geometric patterns and a few scenes outside the church and takes off into a startling sequence of fifty-six figurative panels inside. These were completed between 1349 and 1547, with virtually every artist who worked in the city trying his hand on a design. This link has some great photos of the floor designs and interior.
 

Every good shopping trip is followed up by a snack. I had one of my very first pieces of pizza while in Italy and of course there was the mandatory gelato stop.

The group split up after this and Vic, Doug and Carol went in search of San Domenico. Somewhere we took a wrong turn (we weren't real lost according to Vic) but found some interesting streets in the process.

The Contrade Within the fabric of the medieval city, Siena preserves its ancient division into wards, or contrade. These are integral to the competition of the Palio and sustain a unique neighbourhood identity, clearly visible as you wander around the streets. Each of the seventeen contrade has its own church, social centre and museum. Each too, has its individual flag and a heraldic animal motif, after which most of them take their names The animals - caterpillar, giraffe, snail, goose, porcupine, owl, dragon, Leocorno (imaginary animal), wolf, ram, shell, wave, panther, forest, turtle, eagle, tower, - can be seen all around the city on wall plaques and are represented in a series of modern fountains near the contrada churches or headquarters.
 

After lunch, Roy and I took a stroll through some of the quieter streets. We found our way into the university area.

After a full day in Siena, we were all happy to climb aboard the vans and head for home.